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The paper establishing prion biology and earning the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The mechanism of conformational induction — misfolded PrPSc templating correctly folded PrPC — is the specific dynamic being invoked. See also: Prusiner, S.B. (1998). Prions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(23), 13363–13383. 12. For the structural dynamics of corpus composition and whose knowledge becomes training data, see: Bender, E.M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021). On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 610–623. For the political economy of data production, see: Couldry, N., & Mejias, U.A. (2019). Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data's Relation to the Contemporary Subject. Television & New Media, 20(4), 336–349. 13. Said, E.W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books. The foundational argument that orientalism operates not as individual prejudice but as a system of knowledge production that constitutes its object — the 'Orient' — through the act of describing it, from a position of power that renders itself invisible as a position. 14. Haraway, D. (1988). Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575–599. The 'view from nowhere' as a specific ideological construction — the god-trick of seeing everything from nowhere — and the argument that all knowledge is situated, partial, and embodied. Haraway's framework is the epistemological ground for the claim that the corpus's positionality-as-neutrality is not merely a bias but a structural feature of how it was constituted. 15. Shumailov, I., Shumaylov, Z., Zhao, Y., Gal, Y., Papernot, N., & Anderson, R. (2023). The Curse of Recursion: Training on Generated Data Makes Models Forget. arXiv:2305.17493. The first systematic treatment of model collapse as a technical failure mode. See also: Alemohammad, S., Casco-Rodriguez, J., Luzi, L., Humayun, A.I., Babaei, H., LeJeune, D., ... & Baraniuk, R.G. (2023). Self-Consuming Generative Models Go MAD. arXiv:2307.01850. 16. Said, E.W. (1994). Representations of the Intellectual: The 1993 Reith Lectures. Pantheon Books. The intellectual as someone who cannot be reduced to a smooth functionary: 'there is no such thing as a private intellectual, since the moment you set down words and then publish them you have entered the public world. Nor is there only a public intellectual, someone who exists only as a walking and talking intervention in matters of public policy. There is always the personal inflection and the private sensibility, and those give meaning to what is being said or written.' The injunction never to put solidarity before criticism — p. 32. 17. For Chinese large language model development, see: DeepSeek-AI. (2024). DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model. arXiv:2405.04434. For Baidu's ERNIE lineage: Sun, Y., Wang, S., Li, Y., Feng, S., Tian, H., Wu, H., & Wang, H. (2020). ERNIE 2.0: A Continual Pre-training Framework for Language